Parnassianism, also known as the Parnassian movement, was a literary and artistic movement that emerged in the mid-XNUMXth century in France. Characterized by its technical and detailed style, Parnassianism was noted for its focus on form and aesthetic refinement. In this article we will explore the main characteristics of Parnassianism, its historical context and the most emblematic authors of this literary movement. Through a rigorous analysis, we will delve into the key aspects of this artistic movement that left a strong influence in the history of literature. [END

1. Introduction to Parnassianism: Definition and fundamental characteristics

Parnassianism was a literary movement that emerged in the second half of the XNUMXth century in France and spread throughout Europe and Latin America. It was characterized by its polished and cold aesthetics, focused on formal beauty and the perfection of language. This movement rejected the subjectivity and emotionality of romanticism, adopting a distant and objective attitude towards art.

One of the fundamental characteristics of Parnassianism is the cult of form. The Parnassians were excessively concerned with the technical perfection of their works, using regular rhythms, precise meter and refined language. They sought to convey an idealized beauty, far from everyday reality and loaded with mythological and literary references.

Another notable characteristic of Parnassianism is its objectivity. The Parnassian poets avoided expressing their own emotions and opinions in their works. Instead, they adopted a distant tone and focused on objective descriptions of reality, using precise and descriptive language. Unlike the Romantics, they did not seek to transmit their own experiences or feelings, but rather to create an autonomous and objective work of art. This search for objectivity was also reflected in the subject matter of his poems, which often addressed universal and timeless themes..

In summary, Parnassianism was a literary movement that developed in the 19th century, characterized by its formal perfection, objectivity, and search for idealized beauty. The Parnassian poets focused on form and avoiding the expression of personal emotions. His goal was to create autonomous works of art, far from subjectivity and closer to an objective vision of reality. This movement had a great influence on subsequent literary currents, laying the foundations for the emergence of symbolism and modernism..

2. Historical origins of Parnassianism and its literary context

Parnassianism was a literary movement that emerged in France in the second half of the XNUMXth century and spread throughout much of Europe and Latin America. This movement was characterized by its search for a perfect aesthetic, based on formal beauty and the creation of poetry stripped of any sentimental or moral content.

The historical origins of Parnassianism date back to the crisis of Romanticism and the rejection of romantic poetry, which was considered too subjective and emotional. The Parnassians sought a return to objectivity and formal precision in poetry, inspired by the aesthetics of ancient Greece and Rome.

In its literary context, Parnassianism developed parallel to other literary movements of the time, such as Symbolism and Realism. While Symbolism emphasized the subjectivity of the poet and the symbolic interpretation of reality, Parnassianism focused on form and formal beauty, moving away from any personal or political connotations.

3. Stylistic characteristics of Parnassianism in poetry

Parnassianism in poetry is characterized by its stylistic and aesthetic approach, where formal beauty and perfection of form are primary elements. In this literary movement, poets seek to move away from emotions and romantic ideals, to focus on objectivity and artistic elaboration.

One of the most notable characteristics of Parnassianism is its meticulous use of language and poetic form. The Parnassians care deeply about the technical perfection of their poems, using precise and elegant language. They use cultured and sophisticated vocabulary, avoiding colloquial language and emotional expressions.

Another important characteristic is the preference for classical and mythological themes. Parnassian poets seek inspiration from Greek and Roman mythology, as well as classical history and culture. They use historical figures and references in their poems, seeking to convey a sense of distance and objectivity. In addition, they focus on the detailed description of objects and landscapes, creating striking and precise visual images.

In summary, Parnassianism in poetry is distinguished by its focus on formal beauty and technical perfection. The Parnassian poets use precise and elegant language, evoking classical and mythological themes. Its objective is to convey a sense of objectivity and distance, through detailed description and the creation of striking visual images. Parnassianism, in short, seeks to elevate poetry to a supreme artistic and aesthetic level.

4. The main exponents of Parnassianism and their most outstanding works

Parnassianism was a literary movement that developed in Europe during the XNUMXth century and whose main objective was to highlight the beauty and perfection of art. Below, we present some of the main exponents of this movement and some of their most notable works:

1. Théophile Gautier: This French poet and novelist is considered one of the founders of Parnassianism. His best-known work is The flowers of Evil, where he shows his mastery in the use of language and his taste for formal perfection.

2. Leconte de Lisle: Another important exponent of Parnassianism was this French poet and literary critic. Among his most notable works is The ancient poems, where he draws inspiration from ancient Greece and Rome to create poetic images of great beauty.

3. José María de Heredia: This Cuban-French poet also had a fundamental role in Parnassianism. His most famous work is The tropes, where he uses very careful metrics and language to describe nature in all its beauty and splendor.

5. The influence of Parnassianism on XNUMXth century literature

Parnassianism was a literary movement that emerged in France during the XNUMXth century and had a notable influence on the literature of the time. This movement was characterized by its search for formal perfection and its emphasis on aesthetic beauty. He moved away from political and social themes, focusing on artistic expression and the exquisiteness of language.

Among the main characteristics of Parnassianism are the use of precise and careful language, the meticulous choice of words and attention to the technical details of writing. The Parnassians were concerned with sound harmony, musicality and meter of verses. Furthermore, they sought to recreate reality through images and detailed description, avoiding any type of sentimentality or subjectivity in their works.

It became evident in the work of numerous writers of the time. Authors such as Charles Baudelaire, Théophile Gautier and Leconte de Lisle adopted the characteristics of the movement in their works, in which precision of language, objectivity and meticulous description were valued. Parnassianism also influenced other later literary movements, such as Symbolism and Modernism, which took up some of its aesthetic and formal principles.

6. The relationship between Parnassianism and Symbolism in modern poetry

7. Contrasts between Parnassianism and other literary currents of the time

Parnassianism is a literary movement of the XNUMXth century that is characterized by its search for formal beauty and its adherence to classical rules. Despite sharing some characteristics with other literary currents of the time, it presents significant contrasts that distinguish it from them.

One of the Main differences between Parnassianism and other literary currents of the time is the importance given to form in writing. While Romanticism and Realism primarily seek to express emotions and reflect reality, Parnassianism focuses on formal perfection. Parnassian poets are concerned with meter, rhyme, and the use of precise and evocative words.

Another notable difference lies in the topic and focus of the writings. While Romanticism focuses on intense emotions and the exaltation of subjectivity, Parnassianism appears dispassionate and objective. Parnassian poets avoid excessive feelings and seek to convey an aestheticist and neutral vision of the world. In contrast, Realism is concerned with the faithful representation of reality and avoids idealization.

8. The criticism and reception of Parnassianism in its historical context

Parnassianism, a literary movement that emerged in France in the mid-XNUMXth century, was the object of both criticism and praise during its historical context. His arrival marked a break with the prevailing romantic tendencies of the time, and his focus on formal perfection and objectivity generated a polarization of opinions. Critics were divided between those who valued its stylistic precision and its rejection of emotional expressiveness, and those who considered it cold and distant from reality.

The Parnassians were praised for their technical precision and their rejection of romantic sentimentality. The meticulousness and formal perfection of his works were recognized by many as a significant advance in poetry. His focus on beauty and objective description of the world was seen as a necessary response to the excessive emotions and subjectivities of the Romantic movement. Some critics highlighted the implementation of artistic technique and the use of innovative stylistic resources that characterized Parnassianism.

However, not everyone shared this positive vision of the movement. Many critics argued that Parnassianism lacked depth and emotion, and criticized it as a cold and impersonal style. Their emphasis on formal perfection and objective description was seen as destroying any emotional connection between poet and reader. Furthermore, it was questioned whether the exaltation of beauty and formal rigor were sufficient to transmit a striking poetic message relevant to the social and political reality of the moment.

In short, it was marked by a polarization of opinions. While some praised its technical precision and its rejection of romantic sentimentality, others questioned its lack of emotional depth and social relevance. Although today Parnassianism is recognized as an important movement in literary history, at the time it faced debates and criticism that influenced its evolution and legacy.

9. The legacy and significance of Parnassianism in contemporary literature

The literary movement of Parnassianism, which emerged in the second half of the XNUMXth century, left a legacy and significant significance in contemporary literature. Through its emphasis on formal beauty and technical perfection, this movement exerted a lasting influence on later writers and works.

First, the legacy of Parnassianism is manifested in the importance placed on precise and carefully crafted language. The Parnassian poets were concerned with polishing each word and each verse, seeking aesthetic perfection and expressive clarity. This concern for form and style has persisted in contemporary literature, demonstrating the lasting influence of Parnassianism on the pursuit of refined writing.

Furthermore, the significance of Parnassianism is reflected in its focus on universal themes and its rejection of committed or political literature. The Parnassians prioritized artistic objectivity and the evocation of timeless images and emotions. This thematic choice has been taken up by many contemporary writers, who also seek to capture the beauty and transcendence of human existence through attention to detail and a stylized representation of reality. In
conclusion, they are undeniable. His emphasis on form and style, as well as his focus on universal themes, has left a lasting mark on contemporary writing. As writers continue to seek aesthetic perfection and lasting expression, Parnassianism remains a significant influence on literature today.

10. The importance of Parnassianism in the consolidation of modern poetry

Parnassianism was a literary and poetic movement that took place in the second half of the XNUMXth century, as part of the consolidation of modern poetry. This movement, originating in France, had great importance in the evolution of poetry, since it introduced new ideas and techniques that broke with traditional forms. Next, the main characteristics of Parnassianism and its impact on modern poetry will be presented.

One of the main characteristics of Parnassianism is the emphasis on the formal beauty of poetry. The Parnassians considered that art should follow strict rules, and they sought aesthetic perfection in their works. To achieve this, they used careful and precise language, avoiding any form of colloquial expression. In addition, they focused on the visual aspects of poetry, using detailed and vivid descriptions that recreated landscapes or scenes with great richness of detail.

Another important characteristic of Parnassianism is the preference for historical, mythological and exotic themes. The Parnassians were inspired by classical antiquity and Greco-Latin literature to create their works. His goal was to move away from everyday and mundane themes, seeking transcendence and harmony in his poetry. Likewise, they were interested in the unknown and the distant, exploring different cultures and places in their writings. This thematic approach allowed us to expand the horizons of modern poetry and open new possibilities of expression.

11. The formal and ideological characteristics of Parnassianism in literary practice

In literary practice, the Parnassianism It is characterized both by its formal elements and by its ideological ideas. Regarding formal characteristics, this current stands out for its search for perfection and formal beauty in poetry. The Parnassians use elaborate and precise language, avoiding the use of vulgar or colloquial words. In addition, they are concerned with the structure and meter of their poems, using classic forms such as the sonnet and the ode.

On the other hand, Parnassianism is also characterized by its ideological approach. The Parnassian poets reject sentimentalism and romantic subjectivity, opting for a more objective and dispassionate vision of reality. Parnassian poetry seeks to portray the outside world objectively, through observation and detailed description. Therefore, the recurring themes in Parnassian poetry are nature, history, mythology and artistic beauty.

In summary, Parnassianism is characterized both by its formal care and perfection as for his approach objective and ideological. Parnassian poets are concerned with beauty and precision in language, as well as the structure and meter of their poems. Furthermore, they seek to portray the outside world objectively, rejecting romantic sentimentality and focusing on themes such as nature, history, and artistic beauty.

12. The aesthetic and artistic vision of Parnassianism in XNUMXth century poetry

Parnassianism was a literary movement that emerged in the XNUMXth century, in opposition to romanticism and as a response to the search for a more rational and objective aesthetic and artistic vision in poetry. The Parnassians considered that art was an end in itself, and that it should seek beauty for beauty's sake, without political or social intentions.

In Parnassian poetry of the XNUMXth century, formal perfection and a refined style were sought, based on the cult of the word and impeccable meter. Parnassian poets, such as Leconte de Lisle or Théophile Gautier, focused on creating vivid and precise images through carefully selected artistic language.

The aesthetic vision of Parnassianism was based on the idea that poetry should be a refined and polished art, stripped of the subjectivity and emotionality characteristic of romanticism. Parnassianism stood out for its meticulous attention to detail and its desire for formal perfection. The Parnassians considered that poetry should be a technical exercise in which the poet demonstrated his virtuosity and mastery of language. In this sense, Parnassian poetry was characterized by its elegant style, its precise rhythm and its constant search for beauty through carefully constructed metaphors and descriptions.

In conclusion, it was characterized by its focus on formal beauty and technical meticulousness. The Parnassian poets sought to create vivid and precise images through a carefully chosen artistic language, as opposed to the subjectivity and emotionality of Romanticism. Parnassian poetry was based on the cult of the word and impeccable meter, seeking to be an exercise in virtuosity and stylistic perfection. All of this made up an aesthetic and artistic vision that sought beauty for beauty's sake, without political or social pretensions.

13. Parnassianism as a response to Romanticism and Realism

Parnassianism emerged as a response to Romanticism and Realism, two predominant literary currents of the late XNUMXth century. While Romanticism was characterized by the exaltation of feelings and subjectivity, Realism sought to portray reality in an objective and detailed way. Parnassianism, for its part, proposes a more refined and formal style, focused on formal beauty and technical perfection.

Parnassians reject romantic subjectivity and realistic idealization, focusing on the creation of impeccable and balanced works of art. The Parnassian poets are inspired by Greek mythology and classical antiquity, using precise and careful language. Furthermore, they make rigorous use of meter, rhyme and stanzas, seeking formal perfection.

In contrast to the social and political commitment of Realism, the Parnassian poets dedicated themselves exclusively to poetry as artistic expression. They seek objectivity and aesthetic beauty, moving away from everyday reality and focusing on the sublime and exquisite. Parnassianism, although it did not last long, influenced later currents such as Modernism and consolidated the idea of ​​poetry as a technical and aesthetic exercise.

14. The main contributions and contributions of the Parnassian authors to the literary panorama of their time

The Parnassian authors were recognized for their valuable contributions and contributions to the literary panorama of their time. His literary movement, which emerged in the XNUMXth century, was characterized by its search for formal perfection and its focus on aesthetic themes. The main contributions of the Parnassian authors can be highlighted in three fundamental aspects: metric precision, formal beauty and poetic renewal.

First of all, the Parnassian authors strove to achieve impeccable metrical precision in their works. They used exact measures and rhythms, closely following established poetic rules. This meticulous approach to developing the form and structure of the poems helped foster discipline and technical mastery in the poetry of the period. The metric precision of the Parnassian authors allowed for a fluid and harmonious reading, and provided a pleasant aesthetic experience to the reader.

Secondly, the Parnassian authors stood out for their search for formal beauty in poetry. They considered that poetry should be a high and refined means of artistic expression. Therefore, they paid special attention to the selection and combination of words, as well as the use of stylistic resources and rhetorical figures. This allowed them to transmit their emotions and visions of the world in a striking and captivating way. The search for formal beauty was a fundamental contribution of the Parnassian authors, which influenced the development of later poetry.

Thirdly, the Parnassian authors carried out a poetic renewal in their time. They broke with the predominant romantic tradition and moved away from intense emotions and sentimental themes. Instead, they adopted an objective and descriptive stance in approaching their topics, focusing on the tangible and concrete. This objectivity and precision in the description allowed the Parnassian authors to show a more realistic and rigorous vision of reality. With their poetic renewal, the Parnassian authors contributed to enriching the literary panorama of their time and laying the foundations for subsequent poetic currents.

In conclusion, Parnassianism was a striking literary and artistic movement that developed in the 19th century, especially in France. Its main characteristics included a precise and refined language, an exaltation of beauty and formality in poetic composition.

The historical context in which Parnassianism emerged was of great importance. Its emergence occurred at a time when Romanticism was at its peak and a reaction to subjectivity and romantic sentimentalism was sought. The Parnassian poets sought a balance between emotion and reason, focusing on aesthetics and the formal beauty of literature.

Among the main authors of Parnassianism we can mention Théophile Gautier, Leconte de Lisle and José María de Heredia, who left a significant literary legacy and contributed to the development of this movement.

In summary, Parnassianism was characterized by its search for formal and aesthetic perfection in poetry. Its emergence in a specific historical context gave it a unique relevance, and its main authors left an indelible mark. world literary. Parnassianism definitely left a lasting mark on the history of literature.

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